The Walking ClubShort answer: dogs seem to form real bonds with their people. You can see it in how they act around you.
VCA describes a study from Emory University in which scientists used MRI scans to measure dogs' brain responses to different odors. VCA says dogs process smells in ways that reflect their feelings. Dogs Trust published a human-dog bond study in 2023 in which owners described how they think their dogs show they feel bonded to them.
A relaxed body, soft eyes and coming to you for company are good signs. See dog body language and following you everywhere.
If your dog seems withdrawn or less interested than usual, ask your vet.
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